Listening to NPR's Morning Edition the last couple of days, I kept hearing things that resonated with my sociological background. I'd like to think that Berger sensitized me to this. Maybe returning to the classroom just makes me collect examples to use in future classes.
Tuesday morning, NPR ran a story on how some evangelicals are "questioning the existence of [a literal] Adam and Eve." You can read the transcript here. What caught my attention in the story was the way in which those who are Not Questioning maintain their position because of a logical premise. They argue that if Jesus is the Second Adam who defeated Sin, we have to have a First Adam. And so they will not consider any other perspective, seeing their faith as more substantial than science (more later).
Not surprisingly, my mind went immediately to sociology. For nearly half of the 20th century, a single theoretical view known as Functionalism dominated American sociology. Folks who went to grad school before the mid-70s were steeped in it. Folks, like me, who went after that were well versed in its critique. One of the central notions of functionalism, as best espoused by Talcott Parsons, was that social forms fulfilled functions. Those social forms must be necessary for society to operate smoothly (or else they'd go away). We could understand any past feature by seeing the role it played in the current stability of society. The critique came that this was a circular argument. Non-essential features got extinguished so if a form survived, it had to be significant. One of Parson's followers, Robert Merton tried to redeem some of the extremes of functionalism by introducing the notion of "functional equivalents" -- the idea that a variety of somewhat interchangeable forms might perform similar functions. While this wasn't enough to keep functionalism operating as the dominant approach in sociology, it does redeem the logical argument.
So when Albert Moeller and others argue that we must hold to our guns because without this one piece of scripture, everything falls apart, it reminds me of the functionalist argument. Isn't it possible that a solid creation story that defines the human condition as sinful still "works" in Pauline Theology? To argue that this One Thing is the hinge-point of all else is no more true in Biblical Studies than it is in sociology. [I do need to point out that as a Wesleyan, the suggestion that my faith will unravel if I "accomodate science" as Mohler says, is not consistent with Wesley's synthesis of scripture, tradition, reason, and experience. Scripture is preeminent for Wesley, but reason is not to be denied and experience both in interaction with others and in the witness of the Spirit, allows for "functional equivalents".)
Yesterday, the Morning Edition host did an interview with Wilbur Ross, a billionaire investor. Here's the transcript for that. It was one of the clearest, non-partisan analyses of our economic situation I've heard in years. In the midst of his consideration of unemployment, there was the following exchange:
Mr. ROSS: Well, I think there's several factors. Number one is we believe that unemployment is going to remain high. Virtually all companies we know of have learned to live with fewer employees per incremental dollar of sales than they ever had before. So we believe that part of the high unemployment is due, not just cyclical factors, but to structural change in the economy. And that's why corporate America is in much better shape than Mr. and Mrs. America.
INSKEEP: Just to make sure I understand that, when you structural change, you're saying that corporate America has resized or downsized the necessary workforce and it's just not as large as the workforce population in the United States.
Mr. ROSS: That's correct. The substitution of capital for labor has been continuing. I think that people have also restructured the way that they do business, all with an eye toward reducing labor costs. And you've seen those big gains in productivity. June was the first month where productivity didn't really go up, actually it declined a little bit. And that's the first month in many, many months where there hasn't been a big productivity gain. So I think that's a problem and it's going to be a continuing problem, partly because the American educational system is not producing people with the qualifications to do the jobs in the new economy.
Right away, I realized that Ross had just clearly explained Karl Marx's theory of labor. This is the essential structural contradiction of capitalism -- owners must minimize labor costs but rely on consumers to purchase products while the consumer's buying power is shrinking. This doesn't mean revolution is in the offing -- just that this billionaire investor make a sociological argument that your Ivy League Tweed Wearing Marxist sociologist has been preaching to undergraduates for years.
One more example from yesterday, but it really needs more sociological awareness. In their second story about the riots in England (transcript), the Tottenham MP David Lammy, said:
The majority of young people, obviously, in Tottenham and other areas similar to Tottenham are totally against this violence. But there are two or 300 people in areas like mine who are very much at the margins of society who have a different value set, and I'm afraid we are seeing those young people running rampage through the country. And to see people losing their lives now as a result of this is something I never thought I'd see.
Prime Minister Cameron made the same "wrong values" argument. It is true that the rioters were not protesting the police shooting. But this is an example of classic collective behavior. Pent-up frustration, a trigger event, inadequate social controls, the deindividuation of anonymous crowd behavior, and disproportionate response. Sociologists studying incidents from the Watts Riot, Foreign revolutions, and the like show the same types of behaviors. Not surprisingly, all of those situations begin with leaders dismissing the behaviors as "not reflecting our values". The line between us and them is never as bright as we hope it is. And I can write that even before I see Rise of the Planet of the Apes.
